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Big Spring is a city located in the U.S. state of Texas at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 87 and Interstate 20 ; its population of 25,233 (2000 Census) makes it the largest city between Midland to the west, Abilene to the east, Lubbock to the north, and San Angelo to the south. Big Spring was established as the county seat of Howard County in 1882 and is also the largest city in that county. The city got its name from the single, large spring that issued into a small gorge from between the base of Scenic Mountain and a neighboring hill, in the SW part of the city limits. The Spring, now dry, was of major importance to all life in the surrounding area. In the early 1840s, it was the center of a territorial dispute between Comanche and Pawnee tribes, and has been a major watering hole for wildlife and prehistoric man in this semi-arid area. (G. Brune, 'Springs of Texas', 1981). Early military scouting reports and pioneer accounts describe the water as cold, clear, dependable, and the spring pool was approx. 15' deep, with the overflow going only a short distance down the draw before it sank beneath the surface. The Spring has mistakenly been described in other writings as being located in Sulphur Draw. It is actually located to the south, near the top of a small, rugged, unnamed draw running eastward from the spring, and is, itself, a tributary to Beal's Creek, the name given to Sulphur Draw as it flows into, though, and past the city of Big Spring. Long used by regional inhabitants, both permanent and nomadic, with a large number of locally-collected artifacts testifying to its heavy occupation, the Spring sat astride the several branches of the later-developed Comanche War Trail as they converged on this important water hole from beyond Texas, coming south across the Northern Plains and the Llano Estacado. From the Big Spring, the War Trail continued south via three branches, one to the southeast, through the western part of the Concho country, one going almost due south, heading for Castle Gap and Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos, and one heading west to the Willow Springs in the sand country SW of present Midland, before turning south down the Pecos River, all headed ultimately for Mexico. As whites began to settle the western territories, the Spring continued to serve as a major watering place on the southern route of the Gold Rush Trail of the early 1850s and continued in use well beyond that time, as that cross-continental trail turned into a major road for later pioneers coming into the area. Brune also reports that the Spring was sourced from a relatively small aquifer situated on the northern end of the Edwards Plateau and the southern end of the High Plains, being, structurally, a collecting sink of lower Cretaceous (Fredericksburg) limestones and sands. The Spring aquifer held a large quantity of water due to the great number of fractures, solution channels, and interstices in the rocks and underlying sands, although the aeral extent of the Big Spring sink is estimated to be only 1 mile in diameter, with the main area only 3000 ft in width and almost circular, with some ellipticity trending towards the west. The Cretaceous beds subsided about 280 ft below their normal position, centered around the SE 1/4 of Sect. 12, Blk 33 T1S; T&P RR Co survey, and the entire strata appears to be preserved within the sink, the surface topography roughly following the subsurface subsidence. (US Dept. Int. pub.; 'Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 913'; 1944). This writing identifies the sink as one of a number of similar subsurface geologic features in the surrounding area, differing from the Big Spring sink only in the fact that the surface topography above the others, while showing some decline, does not dip low enough to intersect the top of the water tables; hence, no springs could form from the other aquifers. In a passing comment, enigmatic in its content and disappointing in its brevity, the report states that n

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